Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd., Banglore, has pilot's Training Institute called the
HAL Rotary Wing Academy & is the only one of its kibd in India.The Academy
is approved by the  Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA). Ministry of Civil 
Aviation,Government  of  India. The  academy  conducts  classes  on  groud 
subjects & flying training, leading to DGCA examinations conducted 
periodically. On passing  the  ground  subjects & the
flying     test,  the      candidates     are    awarded   
commercial   pilot's Licence on Heleicopter (CHPL) or
private pilot   License  in   Heleicopter   (PHPL),   as 
applicable. The first batch is already under way.The 
next is  scheduled   to   start  during   the   second 
half of 2001. The  intake is  14 candiates per batch.

Qualifications     required     are     CHPL- 10+2   or     
equivalent   with   maths   and   physics;  PHPL- SSLC /   Age-not   less  than 
18   years.  The   minimum   flying    training  required  for   qualifying for  the  
DGCA   lisence:  CHPL-100 hours;   PHPL-40   hours.  The   duration   of   the
course   is  about  18   months and nine  months  respectively and  it    costs 
about  10  lakhs   for   CHPL  & Rs 4 lakhs for PHPL. 

Ocean Science is the study of the global marine environment,  from  the  icy 
wastes of the polar seas to the tranquil lagoons of the coral islands.  Ocean 
science  combines direct observation of this environment with  a systematic 
approach   for   understanding   the   processes   at  contro it. These  days, 
ocean  science   &   earth  science  are   no  more  regarded  as  watertight 
compartments, they are being treated  in  a  more  holistic   way, to  try  to
understand how the various   sub-disciplines  are  interconnected, and  thus 
understand nature as a whole.  So oceanographers are explorers as  well  as
scientists, and many of the world's oceans are yet to be explored.

THE DISCIPLINES

These  can   be  divided  into  physical   oceanography  (or marine physics),
geological    oceanography   (or marine geology),   Chemical   oceanography
(marine Chemistry)  and  marine  biology.  Physical oceanography deals with 
the mathematical formulations of certain laws to describe  a  phenomenon in
the ocean and respond to future  changes. Physical oceanogaphers have  to
understand why, where and how the   ocean moves. Chemical oceanography
aims at understanding  the processes that  control  the  concentration  and 
distribution of elements and their compounds   in the ocean.

Chemical oceanographers are trying  to  find   out  which  chemicals  are
beneficial to marine  plabt life, whether  marine  organisms  produce  natural
chemicals  that  can   benefit   modern  civilicsation  and  how chemicals  of 
environmental  concern  such   as  pesticides,  petrochemicals,  metals  and
radioactive contaminants behave in the ocean.

Geological oceanography is concerned withmarine sediments. This include
undersdtandingthe processes that shape  the  ocean  basins,  etermine  the 
strucutre and compoition of the earth's  crust   and control  features  of the 
continental margins. Marine biology encompasses many biological  disciplines 
covering the range of  fauna  found  from  viruses  to  blue  whales.  Marine 
biologists   increasingly  rely   on     ever-more    sophisticated   technology,
including molecular and biochemical techniques, chemical analysers and light
and electron microscopy.

THE  STUDY

Oil and Gas extraction, maritime trade, aqua culture  and fisheries, strategic  
defence, renewable energy generation and waste disposal are all  important
activities underpinned by ocean science. Increasing emphasis on these  and  
other environmentals issues is leading to growing opportunites for graduates  
trained inocean science., to work either at a local or ona global scale.  Both    
single discipline specilaists and graduates with a broad range  of  knowledge 
will be needed, to interact at the commercial & government level, to provide  
a rational strategy for ensuring that the ocean  remains a rich resources for  
future generations.  Due  to  the  essential  interdisciplinary  nature  of  the 
subject,  all courses  have the  elementary modules  on   physical, chemical,
geological   and  biological   oceanography.  Most  of  the  courses then get 
focussed in one  of these disciplines.

Students  who  have  already  developed a   special  interest  in  chemistry,
biology,  geology   or  physics, can  choose marine biology or applied marine
biology,marine   chemistry,   geological  oceanography,  etc. Students  who 
have a strong interest in biology  can combine this with chemical or physical
oceanography in marine biology  or ocenaography. While those who are more
interested in physical science can   choose ocean  science, which  offers  a 
wide choice of  courses   across the full   range   of  disciplines.  First  of all, 
however, you need a Bsc degree in one of the above sciences.Do not  make
the mistake of getting a Bsc in oceanography right  off the bat. This  is  like 
trying to go to a medical college  without   first   learning   basic  biology or 
zoology. After that you will need  an advanced  degree, either Msc  or  PhD.

There are  many  good jobs  at  the Msc level but often these are technical
positions  or positions as part of someone else's research  group.  But if you
really   want   to   do   something   good,  you  will  need  a PhD.  In   India,
oceanographers are still  unknown in the professionals  in  Web  engineering
in the near future.The increasing demand for seafood, sea-based medicines,
and grooming of ecofriendly industries automatically  brings  in  the  demand 
for this new profession in our country.

Due to the  range  of  scientific  knowledge required 
to underst and all of the processes involved,  Ocean
science is usually divided into a variety of disciplines.
At  times,  disciplines  overlap  because  the  marine 
environment  is    influenced   by  various    physical, 
chemical & biological processes. It is this link  among
disciplines  that  makes  ocean  science  so  exciting.
However,  now Oceanographers now go to sea much 
less than in the past.

'Be what you want to be' is not just an ad line. We offer you  a variety of   
careers to choose from. Find out all about the career of your choice,how to
enter and where to study. Career in -  OCEANOGRAPHY

'Be what you want to be' is not just an  ad line. We offer you a variety of   
careers to choose from. Find out all about the career of your choice,how to
enter and where to study. Career in -  HELICOPTER  PILOT TRAINING